Figure 1: Evolution of the virulence gene pool. Figure 3: Pathogenicity islands encode both insect and mammalian virulence factors. A common requirement of all bacterial pathogens is the need to avoid ...

BEIJING -- Researchers at Sun Yat-sen University in China have recently revealed the vital role soil invertebrates play in enhancing soil fertility, texture, and crop yields, according to an ...

Margaret McFall-Ngai's Essay, “Care for the community” (Nature 445, 153; 2007) suggests that the unique existence of immune memory in vertebrates (the 'adaptive' immune system) could have evolved to ...

FRANKLIN the cuttlefish considered the juicy prawn meat morsel in front of her. As mouth-watering as it looked, she resisted temptation and waited for her favourite meal to become available – live ...

Invertebrates are animals that don’t have a spine or backbone inside their body. Other organisms, like you, have a backbone and are called vertebrates. To protect themselves, some invertebrates, such ...

Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent six days a week. Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. When French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck set out to categorize ...

Highly diverse and charismatic, these creatures deserve recognition as a sixth great extinction dawns We are prone to obsessing over ourselves and over animals like us. But most of the life on Earth ...

Invertebrates dominate the animal kingdom, making up 97 percent of all creatures. These animals, lacking a backbone, display incredible diversity. From microscopic mites to giant squid, their ...

For the next few weeks we’re asking readers to nominate their invertebrate of the year: click here to give us your suggestions Does a worm feel pain if it gets trodden on? Does a fly ache when its ...

If you liked this story, share it with other people. Schoenherr’s blue weevil (Eupholus schoenherri) a spectacular blue and turquoise beetle from Indonesian New Guinea. Photo by Rhett A. Butler.

From reproductive rights to climate change to Big Tech, The Independent is on the ground when the story is developing. Whether it's investigating the financials of Elon Musk's pro-Trump PAC or ...