The shoulder, or pectoral girdle, is a structure that plays an essential role in many functions and movements. The three shoulder bones include the scapula, the clavicle, and the humerus. A shoulder ...

The shoulder muscles are responsible for maintaining the widest range of motion of any joint in your body. This flexibility is also what makes the shoulder prone to instability and injury. Muscles, ...

Background A 46-year-old, nonsmoking, nulliparous woman with a 23-year history of rheumatoid arthritis presented with severely destructed right shoulder, right elbow, and right wrist joints, which ...